Uncovering the different types of diabetes: What you need to know to take care of your health
Diabetes: what it is, types and diagnosis
You must certainly know a friend, neighbor or family member who has diabetes. The condition is one of the most common in Brazil: it is estimated that there are more than 16 million people with diabetes. Only half of this number do not know they have the condition. That’s why it’s so important that we share information about the condition so that more people can be aware of the symptoms and seek medical help.
In this text we will talk about the main types of diabetes, symptoms and how the diagnosis is made. Check it out!
What is diabetes?
It is a chronic condition in which the body does not produce insulin or cannot properly use the insulin it produces. There are different types of diabetes.
Here, we will talk about the most common ones. They are:
1) Type 1 Diabetes (DM1): Generally diagnosed in children and young adults.
In it, the body carries out an attack against the pancreas’ own beta cells, which stop producing insulin and we call this an autoimmune attack. Around 5 to 10% of people with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. Treatment mainly involves the use of insulin.
2) Type 2 Diabetes (DM2): It is the most common form of diabetes: around 90% of people have the condition.
Normally, it can take years for a person to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, as it manifests itself silently. In type 2, there is resistance to the effects of insulin or does not produce enough insulin to keep blood glucose regulated.
3) Gestational diabetes: To allow the baby to develop, the woman undergoes changes in her hormonal balance. The placenta is a source of hormones that reduce the action of insulin, which is so important for the use of glucose in the body. As a result, the pancreas increases insulin production to try to compensate. However, in some women, this process does not occur and they develop gestational diabetes, characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels.
4) LADA type diabetes: The Lada type generally affects adults and there is destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The process is similar to type 1, but slower.
5) MODY Type Diabetes: It is due to genetic origin and, in many cases, is confused with type 2.
The name Mody comes from the English Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young, in Portuguese, late-onset juvenile diabetes.
It happens when the production or action of insulin is impaired by the mutation of one or a series of genes. It can be passed from parents to children. Depending on the gene, MODY is called a certain name. For example, MODY 3 (gene involved in HNF1α) is the most common type.
Main symptoms
Want to urinate more often
Frequent hunger
Constant thirst
Weight loss
Weakness
Fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Frequent infections
Blurred vision
Difficulty healing wounds
Tingling in the feet
How the diagnosis is made
With a simple fingertip test, it is possible to know if there is any change in the blood glucose level.If there is one, it will be necessary to carry out other tests, including glycated hemoglobin (which reports the average blood sugar level over the last three months), an oral glucose tolerance test, a test for diabetes antibodies, among others. Depending on the symptoms and risk factors, the doctor will order tests to confirm the diagnosis.
I have diabetes, what now?
If you receive the news that you have diabetes, don’t despair! It is not easy to hear that you have the condition, but with adequate treatment and information it is possible to live well with diabetes, leading a long, happy and healthy life.
With this in mind, Glic can help you learn more about the condition and how to take care of yourself. With Glic’s WhatsApp, you can record your blood glucose and blood pressure levels, as well as ask questions to our health educators.
What is it?
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, which can have several causes and results from various pathophysiological changes that lead to a permanent elevation in blood glucose (blood sugar concentration).
This increase is essentially due to defects in the normal action of insulin and/or its lack. The incidence is growing and affects around 13% of the Portuguese adult population. It is estimated that there are around 400 million people with diabetes worldwide, and the numbers continue to increase.
Sugar is necessary for cell metabolism. For it to be transported there, the pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that will capture glucose from the bloodstream and take it to cells throughout the body where it will be used as energy. Anyone can suffer from this disease, however exposure to risk factors can increase the likelihood of its onset.
Around 90% of diabetes cases are classified as type 2 diabetes. This type mainly affects adults and elderly people, who are overweight or obese, sedentary and have unhealthy lifestyles, and there is often a family history.
Type 1 diabetes is much less common and essentially results from the sudden and irreversible destruction of pancreatic cells, usually due to autoimmune inflammation.
These patients are generally teenagers or young adults.
In pregnant women, the new hormonal environment, associated with excess weight, a sedentary lifestyle and an unbalanced diet, can produce a type of diabetes typical of pregnancy, called gestational diabetes. It is usually controlled with diet and physical activity alone, but may require insulin treatment. The main problems with this type of diabetes, when uncontrolled, are fetal and childbirth complications.
Symptoms
Symptoms are caused by the amount of sugar in the blood, either associated with an increase in its level (hyperglycemia) or a decrease in it (hypoglycemia).
Symptoms of hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia can occur in poorly controlled diabetics or when a large amount of sugar is consumed. This condition can cause blurred vision, dry mouth, excessive sweating and tiredness.
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia generally occurs in diabetics who use drugs to control the disease, whether insulin or oral antidiabetics. This condition may result from taking excessive or incorrect medication, prolonged fasting or inadequate physical exercise. Blood sugar levels should not be less than 70mg/dl. When taking medication to control the disease, it is necessary to pay close attention to your diet so that your sugar levels do not drop too low. Unexplained tiredness, dizziness, blurred vision and difficulty in thinking are the main symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Causes
The pancreas releases insulin, the hormone that controls the storage and use of sugar in the blood. Diabetes occurs when:
The pancreas produces insufficient insulin or is not capable of producing any insulin at all.
When the body does not respond adequately to insulin – “insulin resistance” condition
It is a public health problem that often results from the way people live and the habits they have. Its incidence has been increasing. In 2010, around 34.9% of the Portuguese population between 20 and 79 years old had diabetes or pre-diabetes and around 43.6% of cases were undiagnosed.
This disease is responsible for several complications that reduce quality of life and can cause early death. It is an illness that has no cure. However, advances in treatments and understanding of the disease allow diabetics to lead practically normal lives. Often, careful eating and regular exercise are enough to prevent the disease or keep it under control.
Some risk factors are possible to control (modifiable); others are not (not modifiable).
Modifiable risk factors:
Arterial hypertension
Obesity
Sleep deprivation
Sedentary lifestyle
Smoking
Non-modifiable risk factors:
Pancreas diseases or endocrine diseases
Family history
Newborn weighing more than four kilos
Gender and age: Women over 45 are most affected
Diagnosis
One of the main problems is that symptoms often go unnoticed, leading to a late diagnosis. To do this, an analysis of symptoms and risk factors is necessary. Generally, only one parameter is used to make the diagnosis. If two are used, they must be in agreement and, if they are not, the analysis must be repeated two weeks after the first.
Treatment
Type 1 diabetics are treated with insulin (insulin therapy), which is administered several times a day subcutaneously from the beginning of the disease. This must be done alongside correct blood glucose monitoring and a healthy diet and regular exercise.
Type 2 diabetics monitor their blood glucose levels with oral antidiabetics. Sometimes no medication is necessary as, in this type, it is possible to control it by adopting a healthy lifestyle, restricting high-calorie foods, food fractionation, practicing physical exercise, medications that facilitate the action of insulin, and in certain cases or more advanced stages of the disease, by administering insulin (if treatment with oral antidiabetics is not able to achieve the expected objectives). Weight loss is essential for these patients.
Prevention
Although there is no cure, good blood glucose control can prolong life and avoid complications. Prevention involves three important points:
Knowing diabetes: it is important that the patient knows their type of diabetes well, only in this way will they be able to comply with and improve treatment. The way you deal with the disease is the main success factor.
Control your blood sugar: if it is within normal values, you are less likely to suffer complications.
Food: One of the priorities for type 2 diabetics is to improve eating habits and lose weight. As this is one of the risk factors that most contributes to the development of the disease and the appearance of complications, it is also one of the most important to control. Medication is not effective if eating habits do not improve.
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Symptoms and Related Problems
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